Rashid took his best Test figures of 7-66 from 27.3 overs at Bulawayo's Queens Sports Club on Monday - giving him 11 wickets for the match - as Afghanistan stormed to a 72-run win which had looked unlikely a day before.
Afghanistan needed just 15 balls to wrap up victory on day five.
Zimbabwe were dismissed for 205 chasing 278 to win, failing to add to their overnight score while losing their last two wickets in only 13 minutes.
Richard Ngarava was run out in the second over of the day amid confusion with captain Craig Ervine, who fell in the next over trapped lbw by Rashid.
It was Rashid's leg spin on Sunday that put Afghanistan in a winning position after Zimbabwe initially looked victory-bound when they were 4-157.
Rashid, who became a cult figure in his several BBL campaigns with Adelaide while taking 98 wickets in 69 matches, now has 45 wickets from only six Test matches, at 20.44.
This was his third 10-wicket match haul, while he has taken five wickets in an innings five times.
The first Test, also in Bulawayo, ended in a high scoring draw.
Afghanistan have now won four of 11 tests played since gaining Test status in 2017 – two of them against Zimbabwe.
